PhD student T.G. Roberts with Advisor A. Domínguez-García

Grid-forming inverters (GFMs) are a promising technology for replacing synchronous generators to sustain system voltage and frequency in microgrids with low inertia. In the U.S. bulk power grid, inertia from rotating generators helps resist sudden changes or fluctuations in frequency. Currently, grid-following inverters do not possess the capability to regulate their own frequency or voltage, which can lead to grid instability on grids with a high percentage of renewables. GFM inverters, however, can regulate their own voltage and frequency output. Applications of GFMs range from replacing synchronous machines to creating fully renewable microgrids. This research focuses on primary and secondary control of dispatchable virtual oscillator controlled (dVOC) GFMs. We first develop a power-flow model for a three-bus microgrid with a dVOC-based inverter at each bus. We then propose a secondary control architecture for regulating frequency and voltage using one integral controller for frequency and one for voltage. Previously, only secondary control for droop-based GFMs has been extensively developed, although dVOC-based control has been shown to have a better dynamic response than conventional droop control. It has applications in microgrid stability and increasing the number of renewables on the grid. The working integral control scheme can be seen in Figures 25 and 26. This research is funded by the U.S. Department of Energy.

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Figure 25a: Active power load profile for uncontrolled load of three-bus system. Figure 25b: Reactive power load profile for uncontrolled load of three-bus system.

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Figure 26a: After the load disturbances shown in Figure 25a, the secondary frequency control can restore the frequency error to zero at both generation buses. Figure 26b: After load disturbances shown in Figure 25b, the green (and blue, overlapping) lines show how voltage is restored to nominal (1p.u.) by the secondary frequency control, whereas the uncontrolled bus (red) does not return to nominal.